The development of the Chinese money market and its critical issues Essay

The development of the Chinese money market and its critical issues for future development - Essay Example Considering the recent developments in the money market in China, it can be said that varieties of market transaction have improved, the transaction scale has expanded and the market membership has also widened (Neftci and MÃ ©nager-Xu, 2007). However, in relation to other countries of the world, development of the Chinese money market requires further restructuring. There are various components in the money market of China, namely the interbank market that conducts the lending and borrowing; repurchase market; and securities market. The operation of the money market is extremely crucial for financial sector reforms, operation of the commercial banks and smooth functioning of the monetary policy of the central bank. Nevertheless, bureaucratic controls on the interest rates of deposits and loans are still dominant, which renders the impact on other financial markets less powerful due to changes in the interest rates. It is also crucial for appropriate functioning of the fiscal policy (Neftci and MÃ ©nager-Xu, 2007). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the development of various sub-segments of the Chinese money markets in the latest decade as well as to highlight crucial market issues. Some recommendations are also provided that can guide the course of future development of the money market with relevance to the policy implication. Effective functioning of the monetary policy is dependent on creation of a vibrant money market. The money market forms a medium, where the central bank of an economy comes in contact with the entire financial system as well as determines the cost and availability of credit required by the financial institutions for proper functioning. As the Chinese economy is undergoing a number of reforms with the passage of time, number of members in the money markets is also rising. The once concentrated money markets have now expanded to include not only state-owned commercial banks and joint stock commercial banks, but also the local

Feng Shui in the Home Essay Example for Free

Feng Shui in the Home Essay Feng Shui, as a part of the Chinese culture, is considered an art and a science of how the chi or energies that exist in spaces of nature are to be placed or positioned in order to nurture productivity and the flow of positive forces that influence the quality of life of human beings. Feng Shui, which literally means â€Å"wind† and â€Å"water† in the Chinese language, looks at all the features of the earth as constituting one of the five elements – earth, fire, water, metal, and wood. Moreover, Feng Shui follows the traditional principle of the Yin and Yang which suggests two opposite aspects of life that are complementary to each other which sustains the flow of balance in the world and in life. (Allen) Feng Shui is put into practice through the positioning or ordering of objects or things in spaces or dwellings as a means of facilitating the flow of positivity and harmony through the guidance or assistance of a Compass specially designed for the purpose and the Bagua. (Tchi) These concepts – the chi, the five elements, Yin and Yang, the Compass, the Bagua – and more will be explored in the remainder of this discussion. In Ancient China, dynasties or political parties applied the principles of Feng Shui in order to make decisions that positively affect harvests, wealth and the economy, the endurance of dynasties and political parties, and such. During that time, the art and science of Feng Shui was practiced by only selected educated individuals such as â€Å"scientists, architects, astronomers, and land surveyors† (Stohn, 1). They were expected to apply Feng Shui principles by applying their sound judgments and reasoning guided by plans and estimates influenced by astrological signs and patterns. For instance, individuals who put the Feng Shui into practice may utilize the Compass or the â€Å"loopan† in order to determine areas that bring positive and negative energies to human beings who occupy particular spaces or rooms inside a house or a building. The use of the Compass is guided by the positions of heavenly bodies, such as the earth, the sun, and the planets in the solar system. (Stohn, 2-3) The chi energy, or a life force that is known to be part of all the things and man, is the basis for the success of Feng Shui. According to Feng Shui principles, the chi should be placed in particular positions that will establish a flow of energy from all the elements surrounding man and himself in order to produce positive forces that contribute constructive and positive impacts to life. The role of interior designing in realizing the goals and objectives of Feng Shui is the practice of designing the internal components of spaces or dwellings in order to facilitate the continuous flow of chi or energy. According to Feng Shui principles disharmony and negative energy exists when there are barriers in the surroundings that disrupt the flow of chi or energy. Basing it on the five elements – that is earth, fire, water, metal, and wood – barriers that cause disruptions are caused by the misplacement of interior components of spaces of dwellings violating the concepts of the â€Å"Cycle of Creation,† â€Å"Cycle of Reduction,† and â€Å"Cycle of Control or Domination. † (Stohn, 6-10) These three cycles explain how the five elements affect each other, establishing the basis of how things in the surroundings should be placed in order to ensure that these objects or things, which all belong to one of the five elements are arranged in order to foster the harmony between them and not the opposing features that each element possess against other elements. For instance, the â€Å"Cycle of Creation† discusses how each element gives birth to the other, such that fire is born out of wood, the ashes that come after the fire becomes part of the earth, some parts of the earth constitutes ores that are considered as metals, through the process of condensation, metals become water which nourishes the life of wood. On the other hand, the â€Å"Cycle of Reduction† and the â€Å"Cycle of Control or Domination† similarly discusses how one element cancels out the other, such as the water that relieves fire, and such. (Stohn, 10-11) Interior designing in this case, considers the make or the composition of interior components of the home according to the five elements, and how they are arranged in order to follow the â€Å"Cycle of Creation† which facilitates the continuous flow of chi or positive energy. Another way by which the Feng Shui is put into practice through interior designing is by the utilization of the Bagua. The Bagua is considered as a map of energy which directs interior designing into ensuring that the interior components of a space or dwelling coordinates the nine essential principles that brings about harmony and positivity within it. Interior designing through the use of the Bagua necessitates the consideration of the four directions – North, South, East, and West – and how the nine areas – courage, stillness, joy, receptivity, synchronicity, integrity, strength, gratitude, and connection – are inclusive in each designated position inside spaces. (Stohn, 11-15) Some popular examples of interior designing techniques and practices that follow the principle of Feng Shui include the designation of areas that pertain to directions following the five elements in the surroundings. For instance, the North direction is designated to cover the area of career and business. The North is supposed to be a door or an entry way inside the home which signifies the entry of good career and the development of business. In order to sustain the flow of positive energy in the North direction to foster one’s career and business, this area or space should be free from clutter or dirt. It should always be clean and decorated with new and shiny things or objects. According to Feng Shui, the North direction is also designated to the element of water. Therefore, it is ideal to place fountains, aquariums or fish tanks, or other decorations that connote the presence of water in them. This is followed all throughout the house, such that each area wherein a particular element is designated, things or objects in it should be made from such elements. (Stohn, 18-20) Since the principle of Feng Shui constitutes the arrangement of things or objects in spaces or dwellings, it has become one of the most valuable, not to mention widespread, foundations of interior designing. The demand for interior designing practices that are based on Feng Shui principles has definitely contributed to its addition as a custom in the industry of interior design. The Feng Shui, as an Eastern art or science practiced by the Chinese, has successfully infiltrated the Western culture. (Skinner Price, 6) Popular personalities, such as the late Princess Diana, Prince Charles (Alexander), and Donna Karan, Betty Buckley, and Terry Sweeney (Stukin), have consulted Feng Shui experts for their interior designing needs and some of them have attested to the positive changes in their lives that have happened after following Feng Shui principles in their homes. Works Cited Alexander, Jane (1996). â€Å"The Healing Touch that Starts in Your Home; The Secrets of Feng Shui. † London, England: The Daily Mail. Allen, Marites. (2006). â€Å"Demystifying ‘Feng Shui. ’† Retrieved from Manila Standard Today Online. 05 Feb 2009. http://www. manilastandardtoday. com/? page=myMoney02_april20_2006. Skinner, Stephen Price, Graham. (2004). â€Å"Feng Shui Style: The Asian Art of Gracious Living. † North Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing Stohn, Nancy. (2005). â€Å"Feng Shui Simplified: A Family Guide to Creating Harmony and Love in Your Home. † British Columbia, Canada: Trafford Publishing. Stukin, Stacie. (2000). â€Å"Home Shui Home. † The Advocate. Tchi, Rodika. (N. D. ) â€Å"What is Feng Shui – Feng Shui Theory and Feng Shui Tools. † Retrieved from About. com. Website: http://fengshui. about. com/od/thebasics/qt/fengshui. htm

English Word: Stress Or Accent Affected

English Word: Stress Or Accent Affected The segments of spoken language are the vowels and consonants. The speech segments are called segmental phonemes or primary phonemes. They combine to produce syllables, words, phrases and sentences. As we utter them, we make use of wide range of tones of voice. This speech features, which are higher than sound segments are called suprasegmentals. The speech features that are higher than the sound segments are length, stress, pitch, intonation, rhythm and juncture. Here I am describing about stress. Stress is a suprasegmantal feature. Stress refers to the prominence given to a syllable. In English all the syllable in a word are not uttered with equal force. One or more than one syllable is articulated with greater force than the rest. The degree of force with which a syllable is uttered is known as stress. A syllable gains prominence as a result of the stress it receives. However, factors such as the lengthening of the vowel in the syllable and change in pitch also work in conjunction with the breath force (stress) to make a syllable prominent. The syllable uttered with the greatest degree of force is called stressed or accented syllable. In the word table, /teibl/ the first syllable /tei/ is more prominently articulated than the second syllable /-bl/. In the word committee/ / the second syllable is more prominently uttered the others. In the word recommend / / the accent or stress is on the third syllable. The stressed syllable in the word is said to carry primary (tonic) stres s. The syllable next to that in degree of force of articulation in the word is said to carry secondary stress. The primary stress is usually marked with a vertical stroke high up just before the particular syllable. The secondary stress is marked with a vertical stroke below just before the particular syllable. e.g. emigration / /. If prominence is given to syllables in isolated words it is called word stress. In English, the stress is both free and fixed.it is free in the sense the main stress can full on any syllable in a word and fixed in the sense that each word has its own fixed stress patterns. For example while the disyllabic teacher / / has stress on the first syllable, the disyllabic word canteen / / has stress on the second syllable. The stress patterns of a word is an important feature of the words spoken identity. Thus we find nation / /, and not nation / /, nationality / / and not nationality / /. Any change in the stress patterns nay deform the phonetic shape of the word beyond recognition. Stress is relevant to grammar as well as to phonetics. Thus it contributes much to the form and function of the word. The stress patterns in some words may be affected by their grammatical word class. For example, some disyllabic verbs are distinguished from corresponding nouns or adjectives on the basis of the stress they receive, the verbs take primary stress on the second syllable whereas the nouns and adjectives take it on the first syllable. E.g. Digest / / (noun); digest / / (verb). Frequent / / (adjective); frequent/ / (verb). STRESS IN SIMPLE WORDS. Stress appears in all polysyllabic words. It is rather difficult to predict where the is to be placed. if we examine the stress patterns in simple words, the following general tendencies may be observed. 1. Words with the suffix -ee, -eer, -aire take the stress on the syllable containing the suffix. e.g. trust / / trustee / /. auction / / auctioneer / /. 2. Words with the suffix -ion, -ity, -ic, -ial, -ially, -ian take stress on the syllable preceding the suffix. e.g. regulate / / regulation / /. economy / / economic / /. 3. The suffixes -ness, -less, -ly, -al, -full, -hood do not change stress. e.g. supple / / suppleness / /. critic / / critical / /. 4. The inflectional suffixes -ed, -es and -ing do not cause any stress change. e.g. relate / / related / /. mango / / mangoes / /. progress / / progressing / / . ACCENT IN COMPOUND WORDS By compound words we mean a word composed of two separate words. If we examine the stress patterns in compound words, the following general tendencies may be observed. 1. In most compound words in English, the primary accent falls usually on the first element. e.g. pen-friend, hand-bag. 2. When a compound noun denotes a single idea rather than a combination of two ideas suggested by the original words, the first element is stressed. e.g. honey-moon, goldsmith. 3. When the meaning of a compound noun is the meaning of the second element stress is on the first element. e.g. dinner-table, sheep-dog. 4. Words compounded of a verb and an adverb are generally pronounced with stress on the first element. e.g. make-up, set-back. 5. In compound words that end in -ever or -self the primary stress falls on the second element. e.g. himself, whenever. 6. Double stress is used in compound adjectives of which the first element is an adjective. e.g. red-hot, good-looking. It may be seen that the stress of words normally pronounced with double stress is often modified in sentences. The first of the stressed syllables is likely to loss its stress, when closely preceded by another stressed syllable. Similarly, the second of the stressed syllable is likely to lose its stress, when closely followed by another stressed syllable. For example, fourteen / / is normally double stressed. When it is preceded by words like just / / , The first stress is lost, / /. FEATURES OF CONNECTED SPEECH. Sentence stress. An utterance consisting of more than one word is called connected speech. When words are used in connected speech, some words are uttered more prominently than others are. prominence given to syllables in sentences is called sentence stress. As a general rule, the words, which carry the main information, stand out from the rest. generally the content words are while the function class words are unstressed. For example, in the sentence the tall boy is a brilliant student, the words tall, boy, brilliant and student are stressed and the rest, unstressed. The stress falls on the same syllable irrespective of whether it forms part of a polysyllabic word uttered in isolation, or of connected speech. If there are several prominent syllables in connected speech only one will receive the primary accent. this is usually the last prominent syllable. But the choice of the syllable carrying the primary accent depends on the meaning the speaker wants to convey. The tonic is marked with []. For example, he must write, may be spoken in the following three ways to effect changes in meaning, by changing stress positions. He must write. He must write. He must write. One prominent feature of English is that stress occur at regular intervals of time. Accent at the level of sentence is much freer than that in the word. WEAK FORMS AND STRONG FORMS. One of the striking features of English connected speech is the occurrence of strong and weak forms nearly fifty words in English which, perform a grammatical function appearing these two forms. The can be pronounced in two or more distinct ways. 1. The weak forms are unstressed. 2. They exhibit a reduction in the length of sounds. 3. The weak forms of certain words are distinguished from their strong forms by the omission of vowels and consonants. Only strong forms are acceptable in the following situations. 1. When weak form words occur finally in a sentence, e.g. Who are you waiting for? 2. When a weak form word is accented for the purpose of emphasis, e.g. The journey to Kochi and not from Kochi. 1.What is the relevance of the points you have submitted? 2.Convert the topic into a teaching unit. 3.Critically evaluate the points you have submitted? ANSWERS Learning word stress is very important in linguistics studies. A language learner needs to engage with a word many times, preferably in different ways , in order to really learn it. Mistakes in word stress sometimes create misunderstandings in English. There are some words which have same spelling , different pronunciation and different meaning.(homography) .In such cases if we make mistakes in pronunciation then it will change the meaning. For example: Lead in I lead the group and The plate is made of lead Even if the speaker can be understood, mistakes with word stress can make the listener feel irritated or perhaps even amused and could prevent good communication from taking place. Stressing the wrong syllable in a word can make the word very difficult to understand. For example: I carried a basket to the market. If a person stress the first syllable rather than second syllable, then it will become difficult to the listener to understand. 2. Each word is formed by one or more than one syllable. In English all the syllables in a word are not uttered with equal force. The syllable uttered with the greatest degree of force is called stressed or accented syllable. For example: In the word table the first syllable is more prominently articulated than the second syllable. The most stressed words are called as primary stress and the secondly stressed syllable is known as secondary syllable. The primary stress is usually marked with a vertical stroke high up just before the particular syllable. The secondary stress is marked with a vertical stroke below just before the particular syllable. For example: ,emi`gration The stress patterns in some words may be affected by their grammatical word class. Words with the suffix -eer, -ee, -aire, take the stress on the syllable containing the suffix. In most compound words in English, the primary accent falls usually on the first element. Generally the content words are stressed while the function class words are unstressed. For example, in the sentence, the tall boy is a brilliant student, the words tall, boy, brilliant and student are stressed and the rest, unstressed. The weak forms are unstressed. 3. The information given in this assignment is very relevant and acceptable. It helps the people who are learning linguistics to acquire basic information about word stress. This is an attempt to study word stress in general and the English language in particular. It describes stress as a suprasegmental feature. It also speaks about primary stress, secondary stress, accent in simple words, accent in compound words, sentence stress and the rules in using stress. This assignment also gives lots of examples regarding the topic. In short it is a sincere effort on the topic word stress.

A Comparison of Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street Essay

Exploring Syncretism in Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Syncretism is the fine line between Christianity and Native American Religions because it is the ambivalent, simultaneous attraction of choice and identification to the influences of two or more religious belief systems. Syncretism is most common among minority groups such as Hispanics. The definition applied to their unique position of culture is brought about by the Native American and Spanish ancestry. Ambivalence is shown even by the word Hispanic, which is an "umbrella" term. The novels, Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me Ultima(1972) and Sandra Cisneros' The House on Mango Street(1984) explore syncretism and how it enhances and exemplifies the issue of ambivalent behavior in regards to the combined use of Native and Christian religions. In Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street, syncretism is displayed through the actions of both novels to show that syncretism is the "bridge" of ambivalence. Syncretism in context of Anaya and Cisneros' novels, merge Christianity and Native American pagan religions to form the syncretic nature of ambivalent Hispanic Americans. There are several main points in each text that exhibit the issue of syncretism. These points or issues include the "Christ-like" comparison, the witchcraft comparison, and the comparison of pagan religions of superstition and sorcery. The concept of good and evil revealed in the two Hispanic novels through the mixture of Christianity and Native religions is a type of syncretism created by folk Catholicism. According to Ellwin Stoddard's Mexican Americans, the concept of folk Catholicism, "is driven on the idea that the formal sphere of the Catholic church is blended with the Native ... ...on, folk Catholicism. In consequence, Hispanics have in a sense walked a fine line of ambivalence in relation to syncretic religious practices. Works Cited Anaya, Rudolfo. Bless Me Ultima. New York: Warner Books, 2002. Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Random House, 2006. Dictionary of Hispanic Biography. "Rudolfo Anaya" Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Penguin Dictionary of Religions, ed. John R. Hiumells. 2004. Stoddard, Ellwin R. Mexican Americans. New York: Random House, 1973. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd.ed., v.1. "The History of the Miraculous Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531.Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Wiget, Andrew O., "Native American Oral Narrative" in The Heath Anthology of American Literature 3rd ed., v.1. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 24-27.    A Comparison of Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street Essay Exploring Syncretism in Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Syncretism is the fine line between Christianity and Native American Religions because it is the ambivalent, simultaneous attraction of choice and identification to the influences of two or more religious belief systems. Syncretism is most common among minority groups such as Hispanics. The definition applied to their unique position of culture is brought about by the Native American and Spanish ancestry. Ambivalence is shown even by the word Hispanic, which is an "umbrella" term. The novels, Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me Ultima(1972) and Sandra Cisneros' The House on Mango Street(1984) explore syncretism and how it enhances and exemplifies the issue of ambivalent behavior in regards to the combined use of Native and Christian religions. In Bless Me Ultima and The House on Mango Street, syncretism is displayed through the actions of both novels to show that syncretism is the "bridge" of ambivalence. Syncretism in context of Anaya and Cisneros' novels, merge Christianity and Native American pagan religions to form the syncretic nature of ambivalent Hispanic Americans. There are several main points in each text that exhibit the issue of syncretism. These points or issues include the "Christ-like" comparison, the witchcraft comparison, and the comparison of pagan religions of superstition and sorcery. The concept of good and evil revealed in the two Hispanic novels through the mixture of Christianity and Native religions is a type of syncretism created by folk Catholicism. According to Ellwin Stoddard's Mexican Americans, the concept of folk Catholicism, "is driven on the idea that the formal sphere of the Catholic church is blended with the Native ... ...on, folk Catholicism. In consequence, Hispanics have in a sense walked a fine line of ambivalence in relation to syncretic religious practices. Works Cited Anaya, Rudolfo. Bless Me Ultima. New York: Warner Books, 2002. Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Random House, 2006. Dictionary of Hispanic Biography. "Rudolfo Anaya" Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. Penguin Dictionary of Religions, ed. John R. Hiumells. 2004. Stoddard, Ellwin R. Mexican Americans. New York: Random House, 1973. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd.ed., v.1. "The History of the Miraculous Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531.Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Wiget, Andrew O., "Native American Oral Narrative" in The Heath Anthology of American Literature 3rd ed., v.1. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 24-27.   

Jonathan Edwards

In Jonathan Edwards’ personal narrative, he uses language to convey a remorseful attitude towards his own spiritual condition. The imagery of hell as seen by Edwards creates a punishment in â€Å"the lowest place in hell. † He feels like he is the â€Å"very worst of all mankind. † In the simile, â€Å"as bad as the devil himself,† his followers make him feel as though his â€Å"wickedness† and â€Å"vileness† are greater. This portrays his remorseful attitude.By utilizing the simile, â€Å"like an infinite deluge or mountains over my head,† Edwards depicts the severity of his wrongdoing as being of such magnitude that it is â€Å"swallowing up all thought and imagination. † The use of repetition in â€Å"Infinite upon infinite— Infinite upon infinite! † supports Edwards’ view of his wickedness as â€Å"an abyss infinitely deeper than hell. † This expresses his internal pain and anguish. Edwards proce eds to use the phrase, â€Å"nauseous and detestable to me,† to describe his sense of self-loathing.He feels as if he does not morally deserve to be â€Å"exalted and raised up to the infinite height of all the fullness and glory of the great Jehovah. † Throughout the narrative, Edwards is vividly describing his belief that if it were not for the â€Å"sovereign grace† of his Lord, that the earth would simply not bear him or all humanity for a single moment because as far as he is concerned, we are all corrupt individuals- creatures even, that spend our lives in the service of God’s enemies. It is through all the aforementioned that he illustrates his remorseful sentiment in his personal narrative.

Redcoats, Patriots and Bunker Hill Essay

As the winter of 1783 drew near, the last of the British troops sailed from New York leaving behind an independent nation. A land destined to be the richest and most powerful state in the galaxy of nations. It is possible that some of the redcoats marching into the dreary ship that cold November day had attacked Bunker Hill eight years ago, and stared at astonishment at the hail of bullets coming their way from the muskets of the patriots. The British had gone on to win the battle but at enormous cost, losing more than half their men. It was supposed to have been an easy battle. Their superiors, the officers of the most powerful army on earth had thought that they would overwhelm the enemy and had opted for a frontal assault, only to see their men mowed down repeatedly by a thinking and able enemy. The Battle of Bunker Hill has been enveloped in hagiography by every American historian as a victory in defeat, an American Dunkirk and as one of the first military engagements of the war of independence. It is all this and much more. Its’ importance in shaping history also lies in the two crucial mental victories it gave to the American troops. First, it changed forever the stereotypical image of the Patriots being a rag tag bunch of homegrown militia who could function adequately only under the competent and trained officers of the British army. Second, it brought immense pride to the Patriots and served as a rallying cry, a force mobiliser for the many engagements that were to happen in the next eight years. The British were confident of their military prowess and with good reason. They had fought the French all over the world in The Seven Years war, which lasted from 1756 to 1763 and â€Å"lock(ed) horns (with them) on every continent where the two had outposts†. (Allan, T., P 100)   They had mobilized troops effectively over vast distances, achieved tremendous expertise in military logistics and training and won brilliant battles. The firepower and strength of their navy enabled them to blockade ports and intercept supplies. Canada and Florida had come to them from the French and the Spanish after the Treaty of Paris and British hegemony extended over huge tracts of the inhabited world. The world was theirs to rule and they were a truly awesome military power. The Patriots were in their eyes a motley group of undisciplined part time soldiers, made up of planters, traders and frontiersmen with very little knowledge of arms and the mechanics of warfare. In America, the colonists had fought alongside the redcoats against the French and the Spanish in The Seven Years War but always under the command of British officers. In fact, they had been badly mauled when the Indians of the Northwest went on the warpath in 1763, and had turned in desperation to the British for succor. â€Å"The colonial militia was unable to master them, and in the end it was British regulars who put down the uprising.† (Allan, T., P 101) Many of the militia had joined only for personal advancement. As Lieutenant Scott, a Bunker Hill veteran was to say later â€Å"I lived in a country town; †¦ I was very ambitious †¦ I was asked to enlist as a private soldier; †¦ I offered to enlist upon having a lieutenant’s commission, which was granted. I imagined myself now in a way of promotion if my captain was killed; I should rise in rank, and should still have a chance to rise higher. These, sir were the only motives of my entering into the service; for as to the dispute between Great Britain and the colonies, I know nothing of it† (Sommers, R.J.) Thus, notwithstanding the small setbacks on their way to Boston, a very confident British army looked ready to overrun Boston in the summer of 1775. As the British ships began to arrive with troops ready for battle, Major General John Burgoyne was to remark â€Å"What! Ten Thousand peasants keep 5000 king’s troops shut up! Well, let us get in and we’ll soon find elbow room.† (Allan, T., P 107) General Thomas Gage, the British Commander in Chief, shared this brashness. A few days before the battle, he had written to say, â€Å"They will undoubtedly be lions whilst we are lambs, but if we take the resolute path they will undoubtedly prove very meek.† (Allan, T., P 108) As day broke on June 17, 1775, about 1200 ill equipped and under trained American soldiers were readied on Breed’s Hill to face the advancing redcoats. As thousands of people watched from the top of churches and houses in nearby Boston, 2500 British troops, supported by heavy cannon fire from the ships attacked the American barricades at three in the afternoon.. The patriots, under the command of Colonel William Prescott let the British come right up the hill before opening fire, practically from where â€Å"they could see the whites of their enemy’s eyes† (Battle of Breed’s Hill/Bunker Hill) Casualties were heavy and the redcoats retreated in consternation. The battle lasted for nearly three hours before American ammunition ran out. The British had to make three charges before they could take the defenses on the hill. The last charge was at bayonet point with the heavily outnumbered Americans fighting with rifle butts and rocks until they were ordered to retreat. One of the last to leave the American lines was, General Joseph Warren. The hero lingered only to lose his life with a gunshot in the temple. The cost to the British was terrible. The hollow victory lost them a thousand men including many officers; nearly forty percent of their total force. The militia lost four hundred.   The British then went on to capture both the hills and Charleston was cannon balled until it burnt to the ground. After Bunker Hill, a chastened Thomas Gage wrote, â€Å"They showed a conduct and spirit against us they never showed against the French, and everybody has judged them from their former appearance and behavior.† (Allan, T., P 108) The British would never forget Bunker Hill. It was the pushover that never was, the small dune on the outskirts of Boston where the Americans proved they could fight. The fighting was to continue for six more years during which time redcoats and patriots were to engage in battle as north as Quebec and as south as South Carolina. Most of the fighting however continued in the broad vicinity of Bunker Hill, on the seaboard between Philadelphia and Boston. At last, on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed and Britain recognized the independence of its American possessions. The war that had started at Bunker Hill, in the summer of 1775 finally ended. The infant nation stretched from Georgia in the south to the Great Sea in the north, from the Mississippi in the West to the Atlantic in the East. The Bunker Hill Monument stands on Breed’s Hill, in an overdeveloped area in Boston. There is no hint or sign of the redcoats or the patriots who volleyed and bayoneted here more than two hundred years ago. Works Cited Allan, T., ed., â€Å"Winds of Revolution†, History of the World 1700-1800, Time Life Books, (1990), ISBN 07954 0984 8 Battle of Breeds Hill/Bunker Hill, â€Å"Military Science†, WPI, (2004), 21 June 2006, Sommers, Richard J. â€Å"Ambition.† Parameters 30.4 (2000): 171. Questia. 21 June 2006 . Bibliography Allan, T., ed., â€Å"Winds of Revolution†, History of the World 1700-1800, Time Life Books, (1990), ISBN 07954 0984 8 Bailyn, B., â€Å"The Battle of Bunker Hill† The Massachusetts Historical Society, (2003), 21 June 2006, Battle of Breeds Hill/Bunker Hill, â€Å"Military Science†, WPI, (2004), 21 June 2006, Battle of Bunker Hill 1775, HistoryCentral.com. (2004), 21 June 2006, Beard, James Franklin. â€Å"Cooper and the Revolutionary Mythos.† Early American Literature 11.1 (1976): 84-104. Questia. 21 June 2006 . Sommers, Richard J. â€Å"Ambition.† Parameters 30.4 (2000): 171. Questia. 21 June 2006 . Webster, Daniel. Daniel Webster’s First Bunker Hill Oration. New York: American Book Company, 1910. Questia. 21 June 2006 .

Developing a Website essays

Developing a Website essays 1) To offer some features of the website, the manager must choose between hiring a set of dedicated professionals (e.g., system administrator, maintenance programmer, copywriter/editor, designer, and webmaster) and outsourcing these functions. If the manager makes the human resource investment to hire the group of professionals, they need to be fully utilized to help generate profits. How would you make this decision, and how would it affect the selection of the package of features you offer on The Website writers are as much of human beings as all others and are similarly susceptible to human foibles as others. One of the stories among them is that when a site is submitted to the major search engines, it automatically increases traffic to the site, and that will increase sales from the site and thus profits. On the other side, some experts do not believe this to be true, and this can be checked by querying the search engine on the sites products or services, the site may not even in the top 10 or 20 matches. Competition may however appear there and get more queries. It is also well known that there has to be a good standing in a major search engine to generate traffic and the effect is higher than any major expensive advertising campaign. Most ordinary users of the Web begin their search at one of the major search engines, and the position in the search engines determine to a large extent how many people end up at the There are other forms of advertising for sites, but that is an expensive exercise, and it is cheaper in many instances to improve the ranking under a few important keywords to get the same or better results. The other solution is thought to be in the Yellow Pages, but most of the time it doesn't even get the organization a telephone call. In the Inter...

buy custom Health Improvement in Taiwan essay

buy custom Health Improvement in Taiwan essay According to the Taiwan Association of Medical Experts for the Study of Obesity, 33.1 percent of males and 21.4 percent of females in Taiwan were considered Obese as of the year 2010 (Chang, 2011). Opitz and Gilbert-Barness (2007) state that the obesity has been classified as a leading preventable cause of deaths universally with large scale studies in American and European continents being carried out. This indicates that obesity-related deaths are more prevalent with increasing Body Mass Indices (BMI). In the U.S. alone, obesity causes between 110,000 to 365,000 deaths each year, and 1.7 million people in Europe die from overweight-related complications per year (World Health Organization, 2012).Other regions in the world are similarly affected, except Sub-Saharan Africa, the only region where obesity is currently not a major threat. An even larger number of persons in each region are considered overweight, pausing serious health concerns over the long term period. Important studie s have been carried out to create awareness in people regarding their health status (Opitz Gilbert-Barness, 2007). This essay will focus on public health awareness in Taiwan and obesity statistics as a particular case of the effect of health awareness. Health, Weight, and Obesity Health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the state of complete well-being mentally, physically, and spiritually and not the absence of disease (Chang, 2011). The environment, mainly the state of the air, water, and living quarters, is a key determinant of individuals and societys health. According to the WHO, other health determinants are social and economic environments, the individual behavior, as well as the physical environment (WHO, 2011). As food security situations become better and lifestyle changes lead towards less physical activity, more people throughout the world face the risk of becoming overweight while an increasingly large umber are becoming obese. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to determine if one is overweight, underweight, normal weight, or obese. Obesity is a state of having excessive body fat. In many instances, obesity results from the lack of exercise, where one intakes high fat food. Few cases take place where it may be caused by genetic p roblems, certain medication, as well as certain mental diseases (Chang, 2011). Taiwan The Journal of Clinical Nursing administered questionnaires to 816 male and 781 female high school students in 2007-2008 with the aim of finding out their status of health literacy and how this affected obesity prevalence (World Health Organization, 2012). The study also focused on the respondents' awareness of their family incomes as well the education level of their parents. Students were taken from six schools, with 55% of respondents in senior high school and the rest in vocational high school. Most were currently living with their parents (World Health Organization, 2012). Health awareness was assessed using six items: nutrition, appreciation of life, stress management, health responsibility, and social support and exercise. 1620 forms were filled and returned, whereby health literacy scores were awarded as follows. All students who scored above 75 percent on the health awareness scale were awarded a high level health literacy status. Those who scored below 25 percent on the HL form were classified as having low health literacy, the rest were termed as medium level HL students (Opitz Gilbert-Barness, 2007). Results The results showed that 40.6 % were high level HL respondents, 49.3 % were medium level HL respondents while 9.7 % were low level HL. 68.3 % of senior high school respondents were ethnic Taiwanese who knew their parents monthly incomes and had college graduate parents. These students tended to have higher HL scores than those in vocational scchools or had no knowledge of their family incomes and had non-college graduate parents. This shows the role of family support and educations as well as the type of school attended in promoting Health Literacy. 51.4 % reported having had health problems, and 59.2 % as having poor health. There was found a correlation between health literacy and health status (Opitz Gilbert-Barness,2007). Additionally, low health literate students appeared to have less knowledge concerning health promoting behavior (were less aware of nutritional contributions to health and had poorer interpersonal relations) (Chang, 2011). However, little evidence was found to suggest that low HL students exercised less or had poorer stress management skills. The achievement of a healthy body weight is a key factor in preventing obesity. It is necessary to continually promote health literacy in students in order to sensitize them on the healthy body mass index (BMI) range and, further, to help them maintain it by choosing the type of food to use as well as the role of exercise and good interpersonal relations (Chang, 2011). As the studies indicate, only 40.6 % were well informed about the existing health issues (Opitz Gilbert-Barness, 2007). Obesity is, in most cases, related to controllable health practices, such as nutrition and exercise, yet its presence can enormously raise chances of other diseases like heart diseases and diabetes. Informing the society about all the simple ways of maintaining healthy practices as a way to prevent being overweight, thus significantly reducing chances of developing obesity should be the key factor in maintaining a healthy community (Chang, 2011). The studies in the above report suggest that more than a half of respondents are not sufficiently aware of what they need to do in order to remain healthy. Creating awareness through educational policies and community initiatives might help in reducing the obesity threat in Taiwanese communities (World Health Organization, 2012). Buy custom Health Improvement in Taiwan essay

Purpose of copyright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Purpose of copyright - Essay Example One of the primary aims of 'copyright' is to ensure society is rich with creative works. Without copyright, those who create different works would not create new works. When the government or the supposed agency provides laws that regulate the use of an artist’s work, it becomes easier and mandatory for any other potential author, musician, or producer to come up with his or her creation (Nadel, 2004:790). This ensures that the society continues to receive new creative works purposefully because a writer has no claim over other’s personal creation. Profoundly, the society gets to enjoy fresh talent in terms of music creation, production, broadcasting, and writing since there are laws, which govern, regulate, and protect previous work done by somebody else (Collins, 2010:4). This makes it hard for the interested author, scholar, or any type of artist to take someone else work and claim it as own (Netanel, 1996:5). The copyright law has a purpose of promoting the progress of substantial science and arts by safeguarding the exclusive rights of the author and the patent ownership of an inventor (Seville, 2006:22). According to the stipulations set out by the copyright agencies, this aspect of protecting the patent rights of an inventor or author helps creators of certain works benefit from their authorship works (Collins, 2010:5). An author is, therefore, to maintain his or her daily activities mainly because he or she is receiving benefits from his creative work. Musicians, actors, and producers, for instance, pocket substantial amounts of financial gains frequently majorly from their creative works (Nadel, 2004:796). Musicians are able to perform their own songs in different functions where they receive money in exchange for entertainment through their works of creation. With reference to the contemporary world, entertainers are taking over the world of riches by being the most paid individuals on the planet. The US Copyright Act (1976) indicates that copyright protects all creative works including but not limited to unpublished work, which is in a tangible form, published works, and work kept in a record form among others (Macmillan, 2005:77). This means that, even writers whose works are in a tangible and fixed state are able to receive protection from the copyright law. In the United States as well as in many other countries, the federal government or any other responsible arm of the government regulates the copyright law by registering all the copyrighted works via the Official Copyright Agency (Netanel, 1996:8). It also ensures regulation of the copyright law by enforcing copyright laws in the court of law. Maintaining the works of an artist by keeping original and owned by the same

Bribery cross Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bribery cross Cultures - Research Paper Example However, the same is not true for all cultures. In countries such as China, Russia, Mexico, India and others bribes are a part of everyday business, on the other hand, countries such as â€Å"Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, and others rank the lowest in this list† (Supraner, 2010). Furthermore, the probability of occurrence of bribery related incidents is most likely in sector such as real estate, property development, oil and gas, construction, manufacturing, mining and public sector contracts. Furthermore, it appears that countries with particularistic cultures, which believe more in flexibility and adaption of rules according to situation, are more likely to accept and rationalize bribers. However, countries with universalistic cultures, which believe that rules and regulations should remain the same for all and under all circumstances, are more likely to resist bribes and see it as unethical (Supraner, 2010). Since the perceptions about bribery differ with cultu res it presents a great ethical challenge for companies to work in different cultures with satisfying their clients and preserving their ethical principles at the same time. Nevertheless, a prevailing culture of bribery in any country does not provide a rationalization of engaging in the practice (Supraner, 2010). Article # 2 - Shell Bribes Among Culture of Corruption,' Panalpina Admits During the fall of 2010, â€Å"Shell and five other companies paid 236.5 million US dollars to the United States Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission due to the charges of corruption† (Voreacos & Calkins, 2010). Company officials agreed in front of the jury that during the period of 2002-2007, they paid thousands of dollars in bribes in â€Å"Angola, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Russia, and Turkmenistan† (Voreacos & Calkins, 2010). These bribes were paid to avoid custom processes, quick processing, and brining counter band drugs and arms in these coun tries. Surprisingly, the top management of the company and majority of the employees were involved in these practices. Furthermore, these bribes were not a matter of one or two events but bribes were being paid to highest government officials as â€Å"gifts† so that they would preference to the clients and documents of Shell and Panalpina. Working in these countries for so many years, Panalpina had created 160 terms of bribes such as evacuations†, â€Å"export formalities†, sunshine† and â€Å"black cash† (Voreacos & Calkins, 2010). Despite the fact that these companies, which also include â€Å"Pride International, Transocean, Tidewater, Noble and GlobalSantaFe† (Voreacos & Calkins, 2010), accepted their wrong doings but they also admitted that in the absence of these bribes, doing business in those countries becomes impossible. In short, the article stresses on the point that there are countries where bribe is a norm and even worse, a need. In the absence of the same, officials would deliberately try to put barriers in your way of business to force you to pay bribes. They would create an environment to trouble or woo away the customers thus leaving the company with no choice except for paying the money to those people, in order to ensure its survival (Voreacos & Calkins, 2010). Article # 3 – Corruption across Borders As the world economy and business markets are becoming global,

Saudi ARAMCO Compensation Scheme Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Saudi ARAMCO Compensation Scheme - Assignment Example Given that the company operates in over 200 nations across the globe, it is faced with the need to make a choice of whether to globally standardize their products and thus benefit from economies of scale operation (Bell 12). It is also faced with the need to adapt their products to a specific market segment or adopt integrated approaches that simultaneously make use of both approaches. Much literature has been produce regarding the external and uncontrollable factors that may impact on the company’s strategic positioning. This study is meant to look at the internal variables and the externalities in order to derive the â€Å"best fit† tactical and strategic approach. The paper seeks to illustrate how the company’s tactics and international strategy harmoniously work after a deep consideration of the external forces existing in the global market. Organizational and strategic effectiveness are very vital for the success of any business organization, although they are very different. According to Bell (57-9), strategic positioning is unique in the sense that it seeks to integrate both organizational and strategic effectiveness in a manner that serves to differentiate a business organization in the market place and thus drive success. When looking at a product strategy, management in a borderless world does not necessarily mean managing by the ave rages. It does not also mean that to make a product appealing to the customers means removing the localization of the product. It rather means setting the stage for the management of the product to thrive locally and internationally. The company sells non-alcoholic beverages and it currently operates in more than 200 countries globally. The company is famous for its innovative soft drink, â€Å"Coca-Cola† although it can presently boast of over 230 brands. It employs almost 30,000 people across the world. It is noted that 80% of the company’s profit and 70% of its

Do you agree the impossibility of measuring the size of ecological Essay

Do you agree the impossibility of measuring the size of ecological footprints accurately undermines the idea of ecological citizenship - Essay Example rol the rate of individual man’s exploitation of natural resources, but the question that arises in this context is: can the ecological footprint support and incorporate corporate citizenship or does it actually undermine it? This study examines whether and to what extent, the ecological footprint can contribute towards environmental sustainability and how far it promotes or undermines a spirit of ecological citizenship. The co-creator of the concept of ecological footprint is Mathis Wackermagel, who in an interview, pointed out that there must be some degree of relative parity in the use of Earth’s resources among individuals from different parts of the planet.1 The ecological footprint offers a measurable tool that can determine how much of land and water resources humans need in order to be able to produce the resources they use and to absorb the wastes they generate, and this has been pegged at a footprint of 4.5 acres per person. But in the United States, the average size of this footprint is much larger, i.e, about 24 acres, which suggests that the average American citizen uses up much more than his or her fair share of the resources of the Planet.2 An ecological footprint may be defined as a â€Å"measurement of the land area required to sustain a population of any size.†3 Wackernagel, the co-creator of the ecological footprint, has defined it as â€Å"the land (and water) area that would be required to support a defined human population and material standard indefinitely.†4 Every individual uses certain basic amenities such as food, electricity and other basic amenities in order to survive and these resources need to be derived within the constraints of nature by using raw natural resources. An ecological footprint thus seeks to determine the amount of both land and water resources that must be used by every individual in order to sustain a population of any size over a future continuous period, with such an assessment being made on the basis of the

The Effects of Equality Act 2010 on NHS Employment Dissertation

The Effects of Equality Act 2010 on NHS Employment - Dissertation Example Equality act 2010 all the public service organisations operating in the UK directly or indirectly. The company's have to reframe their customer service standards, change the method of complaint handling and pay more attention to employee related issues. Every company has to support a report ensuring there is no gender-based, race-based or disability-based discrimination in their office proving the same through statistical data (Briefing 74, 2010).NHS or National Health Service is a very famous trust providing health services for certain people in the UK. The trust handles nearly 9 million telephone calls a year and over 1.5 million website oriented requests. Over 3000 staff works with NHS answering the telephone calls, booking appointments and attending emergency cases (NHS Direct, 2011). People from different type of classes, races and financial background call NHS daily. NHS is the best organisation to monitor how the equality act 2010 affects the employment strategies of an organi sation directly and indirectly. Before dwelling deep into the research methodology let us analyse the history of the Equality act 2010 in detail.The Equality act 2010 was framed after precise evaluation of various political and social circumstances. The team of experts analysed the historical basis on which the previous laws were formed and eliminated over 100 small classes and subsections to grow them all under one single act. Several notable pieces of antidiscrimination laws like Equal Pay Act 1970 The Sex Discrimination.

Technological advances in criminal identification procedures Essay

Technological advances in criminal identification procedures - Essay Example DNA analysis is more specific, as each set of nucleic acid in each person is unique. In addition, as DNA from one person's body cell is identical in each cell in the body of that person, a cell sample can be obtained from any part of that person's body. Thus, persons can be identified by referring to a DNA database which compares and matches a person's genetic information other person's DNA profile found in that database (Gans and Urbas, 2002). DNA analysis still provides limited amounts of information about a person's characteristics though it is believed that in the near future, researches may come up with a better method of DNA analysis (National Institute of Justice 2000, pp. 18-19; van Oorschot et al. 2001). At present, the use of DNA analysis in the judicial system involves comparison of DNA from two origins, for example comparing DNA that came from the location of the crime and that from a criminal (Gans and Urbas, 2002). Biometrics is the identification method that identifies persons based on their behavior and psychological profile. Often, this method is preferred than others because a person must be present at the identification point at the instance of verification and it eliminates the need for the memorization of passwords and PIN numbers. Biometric profiles increases the level of security by restricting access to that particular person only and can be potentially used in the protection of certain valuables such as ATM cards, cell phones, PCs etc. It has many uses such as for criminology and forensics, but it may have several civilian uses as well in the near future (Ross et al, n.d.). Aside from not having to memorize keywords or PIN, biometric identification is very accurate and secure, can be done easily and quickly and no documents or paraphernalia is needed to use it ("Biometric identification - advantages", n.d.). Intra-agency databases for DNA Intra-agency databases for DNA are actually a collection of DNA records that can be easily accessed by different law enforcement agencies. This will speed up the identification of criminals and solving cases. Law enforcement and other government agencies have been left behind by other sectors in having efficient database systems. This is due to their dependency on public funds, which is often insufficient and/or hastily planned. This lack of a proper criminal identification system slows down or hinders the judicial process. Criminals are aware of this lack of identification system and thus put them at and advantage over the authorities (Schroeder et al, n.d.). FingerprintAn Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) analyses, compares and then matches an individual's set of fingerprints against a fingerprint database. This system has various uses including criminal, civilian, electoral, academic purposes etc ("Automated Fingerprint Identification System", 2006). It is recommended that fingerprint matching be done in two stages namely: "pattern- type combination search" and "minutiae matching".

Do you agree the impossibility of measuring the size of ecological Essay

Do you agree the impossibility of measuring the size of ecological footprints accurately undermines the idea of ecological citizenship - Essay Example rol the rate of individual man’s exploitation of natural resources, but the question that arises in this context is: can the ecological footprint support and incorporate corporate citizenship or does it actually undermine it? This study examines whether and to what extent, the ecological footprint can contribute towards environmental sustainability and how far it promotes or undermines a spirit of ecological citizenship. The co-creator of the concept of ecological footprint is Mathis Wackermagel, who in an interview, pointed out that there must be some degree of relative parity in the use of Earth’s resources among individuals from different parts of the planet.1 The ecological footprint offers a measurable tool that can determine how much of land and water resources humans need in order to be able to produce the resources they use and to absorb the wastes they generate, and this has been pegged at a footprint of 4.5 acres per person. But in the United States, the average size of this footprint is much larger, i.e, about 24 acres, which suggests that the average American citizen uses up much more than his or her fair share of the resources of the Planet.2 An ecological footprint may be defined as a â€Å"measurement of the land area required to sustain a population of any size.†3 Wackernagel, the co-creator of the ecological footprint, has defined it as â€Å"the land (and water) area that would be required to support a defined human population and material standard indefinitely.†4 Every individual uses certain basic amenities such as food, electricity and other basic amenities in order to survive and these resources need to be derived within the constraints of nature by using raw natural resources. An ecological footprint thus seeks to determine the amount of both land and water resources that must be used by every individual in order to sustain a population of any size over a future continuous period, with such an assessment being made on the basis of the

Technological advances in criminal identification procedures Essay

Technological advances in criminal identification procedures - Essay Example DNA analysis is more specific, as each set of nucleic acid in each person is unique. In addition, as DNA from one person's body cell is identical in each cell in the body of that person, a cell sample can be obtained from any part of that person's body. Thus, persons can be identified by referring to a DNA database which compares and matches a person's genetic information other person's DNA profile found in that database (Gans and Urbas, 2002). DNA analysis still provides limited amounts of information about a person's characteristics though it is believed that in the near future, researches may come up with a better method of DNA analysis (National Institute of Justice 2000, pp. 18-19; van Oorschot et al. 2001). At present, the use of DNA analysis in the judicial system involves comparison of DNA from two origins, for example comparing DNA that came from the location of the crime and that from a criminal (Gans and Urbas, 2002). Biometrics is the identification method that identifies persons based on their behavior and psychological profile. Often, this method is preferred than others because a person must be present at the identification point at the instance of verification and it eliminates the need for the memorization of passwords and PIN numbers. Biometric profiles increases the level of security by restricting access to that particular person only and can be potentially used in the protection of certain valuables such as ATM cards, cell phones, PCs etc. It has many uses such as for criminology and forensics, but it may have several civilian uses as well in the near future (Ross et al, n.d.). Aside from not having to memorize keywords or PIN, biometric identification is very accurate and secure, can be done easily and quickly and no documents or paraphernalia is needed to use it ("Biometric identification - advantages", n.d.). Intra-agency databases for DNA Intra-agency databases for DNA are actually a collection of DNA records that can be easily accessed by different law enforcement agencies. This will speed up the identification of criminals and solving cases. Law enforcement and other government agencies have been left behind by other sectors in having efficient database systems. This is due to their dependency on public funds, which is often insufficient and/or hastily planned. This lack of a proper criminal identification system slows down or hinders the judicial process. Criminals are aware of this lack of identification system and thus put them at and advantage over the authorities (Schroeder et al, n.d.). FingerprintAn Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) analyses, compares and then matches an individual's set of fingerprints against a fingerprint database. This system has various uses including criminal, civilian, electoral, academic purposes etc ("Automated Fingerprint Identification System", 2006). It is recommended that fingerprint matching be done in two stages namely: "pattern- type combination search" and "minutiae matching".

Poetry changed alongside wider society Essay Example for Free

Poetry changed alongside wider society Essay We learn that Arnold can no longer draw comfort from the sea of faith or religion which encompassed him and like the folds of a bright girdle furled. Instead, the coast and sea is an analogy for religious trend. Christianity is ebbing away because of scientific dispatch. This results is the naked shingles of the world; a place that is unprotected and fragile with no supreme power to guide man. This confusion is emphasized the informality of its structure. The lack of a coherent rhythm and rhyme scheme creates the illusion of tide, But now I only hear, Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating to the breath, which swashes and washes along the coast just like the different line lengths. As we can see, Arnold is hesitant of change and acceptance for him results in apprehension. This is unusual in the sense that, conventionally, acceptance results in peace of mind. Ironically, in gods Grandeur, when Hopkins refutes absolute science, he is more buoyant and cheerful towards which is not the usual characteristics of denial. In the poem, despite the fall of contemporary Victorian society, nature is never spent and permeates the world with the dearest of freshness. Hopkins conveys an image of god being a regenerative force who is able to bring morning following the last lights of the black west. He is defiant of the theory of evolution and instead believes in the holy ghost. Gods Grandeur ends with: World broods with warm breast and with ah! Bright wings. This imagery is inspired with hope and resembles the techniques by Romantic poets where an animal would be used as the vehicle to escape misery; for example the skylark in Keats poem. On the other hand, Dover Beech is not optimistic but instead shares the pessimism associated with poems in the 1900. Arnold depicts the world as a stagnant site with neither joy, nor love nor light. In the last stanza, he talks personally to his wife: Ah, love, let us be true In a place of no faith, Arnold wishes to pin their faith on each other- the language becomes poetic with a series of semantically related adjectives: So various, so beautiful, so new The Victorians lived through a time of change however change in the near future results in neither certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. This apprehension is felt by Arnold who is swept with confused alarms; the complete antithesis of Hopkins.

The Impact On Marks And Spencer Key Stakeholders Accounting Essay

The Impact On Marks And Spencer Key Stakeholders Accounting Essay Corporate governance means that the companies which are administrated, controlled and directed. It performs how to set and achieve the objectives of the company, how to measured and monitored the risk and how to get the optimized performance. It creates new values to the companies through innovation and gives the control and responsibility appropriate with the risks concerned. It is a main factor to improve the organizational performance and sustainability. Corporate governance reforms should be viewed as an opportunity to improve internal compliance and communications systems which will, in turn, improve the potential profit-making ability of the company and its competitive status in an ever-increasing global market place. The most successful governance-improvements are therefore not undertaken sorely in response to dictates from regulators or pressure from investors. They are undertaken to improve the system of corporate governance within the corporation the system of accountability with all its checks and balances between management, shareholder and the board in the pursuit of yielding greater shareholder-value. The major players in the area of corporate governance can be classified into two groups: 1. External, and 2. Internal. Externally, the pace of corporate governance is set by the Government, investors, financial institutions and customers. Government as the regulator sets the legal, financial and business framework which defines the scope and extent of corporate governance. Internally, corporate boards, the shareholders and employees within the corporation decide how companies are directed and controlled. Corporate governance is a broad and somewhat vague terms which is used to refer to a range of corporate controls and accountability mechanisms designed to meet the aims of all the stakeholders. It is the process of direction, supervision and accountability of corporations. It concerns the theories and practices of the board of directors and its relationships with the shareholders of the company. Corporate governance relates to laws, procedures, practices and implicit rules that deter mine a companys ability to take improved managerial decisions. Entrenching sustainable development within corporate governance have need of companies to recognise and identify with their social impact and environmental and responsibilities and to act accordingly. The process requires using the fact and experience of the management and others in the concern to determine every task related to issues, liabilities, and performance. Launching integrate sustainability corporate governance should sketch the financial with social accounting and reporting through the audit to know the complete scope of the companies of activities. The course of sustainability and corporate governance meets with the new demands and tasks. It holds balance between social and economical goals and between joint and individual goals. The framework of the corporate governance is to utilize the resources. The success of the sustainability depends on to get the right issues and the right voices. It portrays to understand the social and environmental goals. here in this research we are going to assess the corporate governance of Marks and Spencer and the impact on key stakeholders. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To examine the quality of the corporate governance and the impact on marks and Spencer key stakeholders. 1.3 SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS what is the core objectives of the company in the present scenario ? how the organization tackles sustainability with the governance? what are the roles played internally? 1.4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a text that intends to review the critical points of present acquaintance on a topic. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as a justification for a the future research in the area. A good literature review is charecterised by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style: proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. It helps with all types of assignments as well. The Impact of corporate Governance on auditor independence: A study of audit committees in uk listed companies by Ismail Adelopo in 2010 this research speaks about the changing roles of the audit committees these have to be recognised and incorporated in the regulatory framework for corporate governance in organisations. A case study analysis report of Marks and Spencer plc by Emma Bunce gives us idea about the problems in Marks and Spencer. Best environment practices of Marks and Spencer : A Case Study by Dr. Leigh Sparks gives us wider knowledge about the execution plans carried out in making the goals. Mainstreaming the Corporate Social Responsibility Agenda: A change model grounded in theory and practice Francois Maon and Valerie Swaen gives us idea about corporate social responsibility. 1.5 PROFILE OF THE COMPANY UKs leading retail shop is Marks and Spencer. It provides home products, food, clothing and financial services. People shopping nearly 1.3 million in everyday in above 375 MS stores in the UK and also it manages 28 territories. The company runs with two units such as general merchandise and food. The general merchandise unit classified into menswear, lingerie, home, womens clothing and beauty. These units contributes the vision through value, quality, trust and innovative service. These units develops their own CSR strategy based on brand value. Strategies identified from a mixture of customer research, stakeholders, government, non-government organisations etc. and action plan developed by the stakeholders expectations and pressures. The issues tackled in the strategies are grouped into three areas such as people, products and community. The CSR strategic approach builds good relationships between the employees and the suppliers. It is focusing to enhance and maintain trust. It launches some initiatives on the environment, employability and on health. MS has taken action to improve its impact on society by means of Ready for Work  [1]  . Philosophy of MS is helping others to help themselves. Promoting the highest standards of corporate governance with the help of group secretary and to build sustainable business. Leading the board meeting and have Agenda covers risks, strategies and performance of the business. Ensuring right things in a right time. Facil itating on business risk and strategy. 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Most of the materials in this research are taken from secondary resources such as Journals, Books, Annual reports and the Internet, Information through Public Report, Bulleting and other Printed Resources supplied by the Company. No primary sources has been used in this research. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through statistical process. 1.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT OF THE MARKS AND SPENCER The core objective of the board is to build a sustainable achievement of the business by the means of profitable development and consistent. UK corporate governance code 2010 provides the principles of the UK companies enlisted in the London Stock Exchanges. Diversity of the boards policy includes measurable objectives to implement the policy and to achieve the progress will be reported. MS complied with all provisions of the compliance code with exception in the year ended 31st March, 2012. The board not meet during the short period so it proves that corporate governance not impacted. THE ROLE OF THE BOARD Each and every company must be have an efficient and effective board is responsible for the victory of the company. The governance framework adopts boards responsibilities in the following: providing guidance of the company within the effective control and practical framework which gives risk assessment and management setting up planned aims and to ensure the required human and financial resources to focus its performance with the effective objectives ensuring the standards and values of the companies that to set up duties and responsibilities of the shareholders and others In the appointment of the directors, they are insisted to do and act to improve the development of the company and the benefits of their members. To satisfy this duty, they should regard the positive impacts of the decision making not in the short term, relationships between customers and suppliers, employees interests, the consequences of the environment, desire to sustain the high reputed standard of the business and to need good communication among the company members. The board requirements to logically estimate the environment and impact of the sustainability problems looks the company, as fine as where sustainability wants to be measured in next of kin to problems such as sequence forecasting and performance assessment. Boards are a vital part of governance composition and, at the same time as by way of other governance system, need to hold sustainable growth. There is requiring making sure that panel have the capability to guide with honesty and enjoy the right ability to build difficult resolution and handle danger. The influences of the wider stakeholders obviously need to survive integrated in the governance method. Employee council have partaken in boards used for a mass of years; perchance the most fighting fit identified cases are during Japan and Germany. But, evidently there is a necessitate to appear beyond member of staff council alone and charily select non-executive chief with sustainability proficiency in region such as the surroundings, health and security, consumer relatives or human property, as well as persons from non-business conditions who can carry valuable outlook into the meeting room. These talent and view can permit companies to estimate key strategic sustainability problems more systematically and watch their act more successfully. Non-executive directors want the exact mix together of proficiency, experience and special qualities to enable them to advise, monitor and challenge effectively. Organisations need to be optimistic to cast the network widely in looking for suc h persons and to build up a deeper considerate of what ability are mandatory. The board wants to realistically estimate the personality and importance of the sustainability problems facing the company, as well as where sustainability needs to be measured in relation to the current problems such as progression planning and performance estimatation. The Board consist of nine directors which includes the Chairman, Chief Executive, two executive directors and five non-executive directors who are measured to be of self-governing character and conclusion. This conform with the secret code as readily available is a balance of executive and non-executive directors permit for fair and decision-making. The Non-executive directors have provision concurrence with the company for an early three-year term after which they seek out re-election. The Group also has superior independent directors who offer a communication channel between the Chairman and Non-Executive directors. The Board meets ten times in every year and determines the on the whole group strategy; control its accounting, operating plans and remuneration policies etc. The Board have the committees are the Audit, Remuneration and Nomination Committees. Audit Committee: The Marks and Spencer audit committee includes four independent non-executive directors. At least one member of the committee has fresh and applicable financial experience in accordance with the combined code. It met four times in the year and it functions to present independent guarantee by supervise the honesty of financial statements to shareholders, make another study of effectiveness of internal control and threat management systems; and sustain an appropriate correlation with the companys outside auditors, Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) committee also reassessed the self-government and neutrality of the outside auditors. Remuneration Committee: The Marks and Spencer payment committee covers four independent non-executive directors. It meets eight times in a year. Its position is to suggest to the board a suitable remuneration scheme and make certain that executive directors are remunerated for individual charity. The remuneration of Non-executive directors is resolute by the Chairman and Executive directors. Nomination Committee: MS has a official nomination committee prepared by the Chairman, Chief Executive and five non-executive directors who meet once a year and ensuring that suitable measures are in place for nomination, selection and evaluation of directors. They think about the balance of membership and necessary unify of skills, knowledge, and experience of the Board. Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): MS have changed its attempt in meeting socio environmental tasks. They take action to customers ask for to supply them with information on CSR performance by initiation the Look behind the label movement. This is extremely noticeable advertising and interactions movement planned tell consumers the span they go to certify that the whole lot they wholesale is produced reliably. They shaped the Plan A which is a five-year,  £200m eco-plan incorporated into its day-to-day action in which they prepared a 100 assurances across five areas. They aimed to become carbon unbiased, dispatch no squander to landfills, reduce wrapping by 25% and give confidence recycling, utilize sustainable raw materials, work strictly with home communities using the Marks and Start work understanding programme. This intention who facing employment challenges i.e. homeless and disabled persons  [2]  . The Group also bring in the just partner scheme to assist progress lives of people and local communities. They sustained Breakthrough Cancer Campaign serving to hoist up to  £6m; and also supported Prostate Cancer charity to raise  £90,000 in funds and responsiveness for the disease. Marks and Spencer integrated in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE4 Good Indexes and status 20th with a attain of 95% in Business in the Community Corporate Responsibility (BiTC CR) index. Proficient stakeholder advice-giving panels can also assist bridge the opening between an organisations stakeholder commitment and its supremacy, by bringing professional together with senior panel. Companies are all the time more using connoisseur panels to warn how to respond to budding socio environmental problems in a way that is intentionally aligned to the organisations trade model. The reality of a committee in charge to the board permit specific problems to be walk around in more strength than is achievable at board stage, as critical responsibility remainder with the board as a totality. Everywhere this team exist it is critical that they are convincingly integrated into the usual governance composition. King II is the shortened name for the King details on Corporate Governance for South Africa published 2002. It pursues a 1994 report normally famous as King I. Corporation scheduled on South Africas JSE Securities Exchange having complied with King II. It is a position of doctrine. It achieves not determine a comprehensive course of accomplishment. It shapes that the board is accountable for the progression of threat management and that it be obliged to decide the companys desire and broad-mindedness for risk. The board should ensure that review of the development and result of key hazard is carried out yearly. And, significantly, hazard management information must be release annually. It is setting out the subsequent seven features of good corporate governance such as discipline, transparency, self-government, accountability, responsibility, fairness and social accountability. The board of MS brand guides the relationships of the stakeholders. Right thing in a right time with right way will attain the protected future. MS governance also focusing nook and corner of the business. Good governance produces good business and develops long-term performance. THE ROLE OF THE CHAIRMAN The Chairman is accountable in the headship of the board and to ensure effective role in all aspects. The Chairmans commitments are revealed to the board before getting the appointment. Members of the board helps to develop strategic proposals. The chairman motivating the directors to update their knowledge and skills. Meeting location, legal information and up to date governance and customers views reviewed by the shareholders. Chairman evaluates development needs and training in the annual general meeting. He collects information in the form of clear, accurate and timely with the gradual update of the business. Head of the corporate governance and the group secretary carried out accountability of the governance. Governance group comprises internal audit, the company files and documents, insurance, pensions and risks. Board of members reviewed board evaluation in the last year. the board establishes professional advice in the appropriate time to the committees. Promotion of governance has dealt by the group secretary. Governance activities in MS is dedicated to the best in practice. It governs benchmarking, effectiveness and performance for ensuring the future development. In every three years the board has been conducting external review and feedback from the new appointments. The board and its committees sets out the annual report. Collected information resulted in year 2012-13 which deals with core spots of people development and succession, regular commitment with shareholders, body representatives, disclosure and transparency, training, skill and knowledge of the directors, risk bearing, risk tolerance and framework of the board conversation and carry on analysis. The chairman revealed the individual performance and objectives. Remunerations reviewed by the remuneration committees. Ffion Hague has reviewed again the governance reliability in the year of 2011-12. All directors insisted to submit for re-election in the annual general meeting in 2012. Biographies of the directors has given in the annual report pages 40 and 41. The board must present companys prospects and position clearly. The board pertains the reliable approach in the public reports. In the annual report pages 72 and 73 presents what are the responsibilities of the all directors in the preparation of final accounts and auditors report. In order to explain the innovative values of the shareholder dealt in the annual report pages 2 to 37. Going concern statement of the directors has given in the page 72 in the annual report is based on the projections and forecasting cash flows. The board is accountable to shaping the important strategic objectives and its nature. The board must obtain sound internal control and risk management system. The primary role of the nomination committee is ensuring the suitable procedure are nomination, selection, training and evaluation. This committee analysis the Boards structure, diversity, size, succession needs and composition. There to keep required knowledge, skill and experience of the board. It formally meets five times a year. Each appointment considers time and diversity of new policy experiences. The Chairman takes the important role to improve and sustain the business with the great accountability. He ensures some of the parts of board with the non-executive act as critical friends to Chief Executive Marc Bolland and it supports the formulation and execution strategy; bringing perspectives with holding knowledge, independence and experience; seeking decisions and views of the management; acting responsibility to meet sure accountabilities to wider stakeholders and shareholders; and diversifying the recommendations with the right of experience, skills and background. The MS board have met ten times in the year of 2011-12. It has planned for meetings at least one and half years in advance in the financial year. The board of members determines on the whole creation or innovation, disposal or acquisition of corporate assets; how to protect and develop the brand; matters related to public desires and relating to statutory accounts; what are the important alterations in the policy which relates to account, capital, dividend and also determines indicators key performance, operating plans and policy remuneration structure. THE ROLE OF THE INVESTORS Searching the appropriateness of non-executive directors in perceptive the materiality of non-financial problems is critical. Institutional shareholder and fund executive have a liability to produce long-term assessment on behalf of their shareholders, the person investor, savers and pensioners for whom they are eventually working. They must insist that the concern they invest in lay adequate resource into initial governance system that distribute long term importance. Shareholders ought to take governance into financial credit as part of their task decision-making. Institutional shareholder and other investors need to know what questions they must be invite boards. For instance, does the panel have the acquaintance and competencies are essential to comprehend the sustainability inferences of the current market and board works reflect the direction of the prospect strategy? Inquiring the aptness of non-executive directors in accepting the materiality of non-financial problems is vital. Eventually investors call for to request if the board and human being are conveyed. Element of this is launch if governance get together international values. The case under indicates the feedback of shareholder as the retort. Marks Spencer flashed a angry reaction from large institutional shareholders in 2008 after declare that it was come together the responsibility of chairman and chief executive to maintain Sir Stuart Rose at the big business until 2011. Shareholders reacted robustly to the pronouncement and, though they have because been relieved to a certain degree, the thing highlights the aptitude of investors to manipulate and pressure the significance of governance to this society. The Co-operatives liable investment director at the time stated that The configuration obviously leave from preeminent practice. Not have of earlier consultation with shareholders. The leader of equities for lawful universal, one of the largest shareholders emphasised the significance of responsible governance: As set out in the Combined Code we believe strongly in the separation of the roles of chairman and chief executive, believing this allows a much needed balance in the boardroom and prevents the potentially damaging concentration of power. Other governance models The excellence of governance is significant not only for a single person business but also for combined initiatives, joint venture and economic systems. Collaborative proposal and a variety of types of business have seen by a lot of as a way to fruitfully address numerous sustainability challenges. On the other hand, these combined proposal and enterprise do not forever carry their objectives. Basically lots of the challenges are governance system which fails to convey liable decision making. Business performance depends on valuable governance. Firm supposed to produce new traditions for society, stakeholders and attracted parties to hold in the freedom of sustainable result. Ensuring the governance of partnerships is effectual there is require to create encouragement for good firm governance, to ensure firm governance systems grow the trust of central part stakeholders and to fabricate the knowledge and capability of partnerships and its stakeholders to administrate efficiently. New global governance Present economic conditions raise grave problem as to the sufficiency yet bearing of many set ideas of good corporate governance, particularly those originate from global best practice embedded broadly in Anglo-Saxon approaches that contain proved missing. There is a rising emotion that at the present is the right time to counterfeit a supportive approach to the calamity, and to construct a stronger, additional inclusive worldwide financial and economic governance design that will also deal with other overall challenges such as vigour and weather change, safety and violence, and deficiency and fitness issues. THE ROLE OF THE DIRECTORS Directors decided an indemnity from the company in value of responsibility acquired as a effect of its workplace. MS keeps suitable liability insurance to the benefit of directors. There is a separate house-hold task between the decision making responsibility and the board. an individual should not have open minded powers. All directors should allocate adequate time and responsibility. Senior Independent Director directly communicate between the Non-executive directors and the chairman. He is the chairs for the general meetings. He has given payable consideration. Directors records the minutes of the board. He should give a written statement on his resignation for giving circulation. The board of new directors should be have transparent procedures, accurate and formal. As under the Articles of Association of the company all directors looks for election at the first annual general meeting, re-election offered at every three years by the shareholders. All directors should accept training on amalgamation the board and also update their knowledge and skills. They can meet the chief shareholders. THE ROLE OF THE ACCOUNTANTS The primary role of the accountant is to grant transparency in exposure, monetary or else, to shareholders and the wider stakeholder assembly who have an awareness in the performance of the trade. The effort of accountants is evidently crucial to successful governance, in particular in next of kin to its conventional focus on economic performance and book-keeping integrity. To embark on this role accountants should ensure they are memorable with the broad management, risk management, functioning and reputational portion of the company to provide framework to the facts presented in the economic statements. In order to offer independent judgment on a companys financial statements, that is its annual report, accountants should have right to use to data on all company deeds which can be fabric to its monetary position. Accountants running in a business are concerned in quite a few of the governance system, which may comprise nominations committees for the board, payment committees and risk and observance committees as well as the inspection committee. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 describe the audit committee as a committee established by and amongst the board of directors of an issuer for the purpose of overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of the issuer and audits of the financial statements of the issuer. Audit committee members are looked with increased prospects from many collections, including shareholders, governing activities of shareholder, supervisory body, the media, and beneficiary board members. The other region where accountants employment in business presently supports good corporate governance is in de-coding instruction for the company and opinionated internal incorporation and loyalty. Accountants carry their dictatorial knowledge and industry standard experience to their clients to drive through best practice. Additionally they interpret the listing needs relevant to its business and lawful structure. Accountants carry a professional strictness in challenging transparency; in order to sustain professional reliability, accountants should follow principles and measures that will emphasize concerns. They should make certain their risk negotiations with organization are strong and industrious and assist the company and the board to prepare for alteration. Accountants are in the most excellent position to make available sovereign challenge to preparation they examine within a company. It is within their specialized conduct to have this task and disagreement practice which is not in the comfort of the long-term sustainability of the business and its stakeholders. Bring into line their detailed approach to set up financial statements with wider governance reviews permits accountants to endow with a full observation on a companys annual and long term performance. Eventually this will afford the company, their stakeholders and people with a truer and additional strong reflection of the dealing performance and its potential impact on wider social, environmental and ethical concerns. MS assured that its prevailing corporate goal is to maximise the long-term shareholder value all the way through sustain by reliable, money-making growth and as well go beyond the outlook of its stakeholders from side to side value creation. They reaffirmed pledge by building a number of superior management alteration take in new persons with the true bring together of skill and knowledge to pick up commodities and services and follow new chance for enlargement. The groups report appears to assemble a balance between the requirements of shareholders and stakeholders in the company. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENT Organisations preserve no longer wish if they wish for engage by way of stakeholders or not, the simply choice they want to obtain is at what time and how fruitfully to take on. Stakeholder commitment is premised on the view that those groups who can affect or are precious by the attainment of an organisations scope  [3]   should given in the chance to remark and input keen on the development of assessment that influence them. In todays the public, whether they are not aggressively wanted out, sooner or later they may claim to be confer with. Situations arise when organisations do not actively engage but are forced to do so by the demands of society as a result of a emergency situation. In retort, organisations occupy crisis-management performance, and are frequently required into a cynical talk with stakeholders, chief to a important and long-lasting failure of reputation. This kind of dealings is often opposed and injurious of belief. significant meeting occurs as soon as organisations, awake of the alteration in the broad society and how they relay to organisational presentation, wish to establish affairs with stakeholders as a way to deal with the force of those modify, such as persons shaped as a outcome of global monetary decline. Organisations can either look for to moderate risk in the course of the use of stakeholder supervision, or develop these new trends to categorize and ascertain new occasion from side to side the use of consequential stakeholder commitment; the end is characterised through a motivation to b e release to alteration. As in the company of some other selling process, the practice for meeting should be regular, logical and realistic. This practice is

A Discussion On Animal Rights :: essays research papers fc

A Discussion on Animal Rights "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; The Declaration of Independence holds these rights to be self evident and unalienable. In the eighteenth century when these words were written they were called natural rights, today we call them human rights" (McShea 34). The issue of whether or not to grant animal rights such as those that humans retain, is a greatly disputed issue. Philosophers, clergyman, and politicians have argued the point of animal rights for years, but without success. Animal right is an extremely intricate issue that involves the question of animal intelligence, animal activist groups, and the pros and cons of granting animals their rights. Psychologists around the world, who have studied nonhuman primates, argue that these animals possess the capacity to communicate. They go on to explain that a communication barrier is all that separates humans from animals. If they bridged that barrier, then humans could talk with animals. Beatrice and Robert Gardner, two psychologists of the University of Nevada, realized that the pharynx and larynx of the chimpanzee are not suited for human speech. Since chimpanzees are far superior to humans in manual dexterity, the Garners decided to try to teach chimpanzees American Sign Language or Ameslan. The Gardners and others studied these chimpanzees, Washoe, Lucy, and Lana. These three chimpanzees learned to use and could display a working vocabulary of 100 to 200 words. They also distinguished between different grammatical patterns and syntaxes (Sagan 615). Besides distinguishing, the chimpanzees also inventively constructed new words and phrases. For example, when Washoe first saw a duck land on water, she gestured "water bird," which is the same phrase used in English. Washoe invented that gesture for the occasion (Sagan 615). Lucy also displayed her creative mind by signing "candy drink" after tasting a watermelon. The description "candy drink" is essentially the same word form as the English "water melon" (Sagan 615). Another method of bridging the communication gap between humans and animals is by computer. At the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, researchers teach chimpanzees like Lana a specific computer language called "Yerkish" (Sagan 616). "Yerkish" allows the chimpanzees to talk with the computer by keyboarding in messages. The computer in turn responds appropriately. While Lana types, she monitors her sentences on a computer display and erases those sentences with grammatical errors. At one point while Lana typed an intricate sentence, her trainer mischievously and repeatedly interfered with her typing from a separate console. Lana, who had become aggravated by this, typed, "Please, Tim, leave room." (Sagan 616). People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, or PETA, is a nonviolent